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BAYAN LINNAS SIRI KE-360 : AMALAN TOLAK BERAS (DAWR) DALAM PEMBAYARAN FIDYAH

no name given · Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan – Bayan Linnas · 2026-08-10 · Kuala Lumpur · Source

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The practice of rice exchange (dawr) in the payment of fidyah for deceased persons without wealth is valid according to the Hanafi and partially the Shafi'i legal opinion, but it must not serve as a regular method of payment and is expressly not recommended in the present time.

The application of the method 'tolak beras' (dawr) must be understood in a specific context and must not serve as a substitute for the ordinary payment of fidyah, especially since it is very much not recommended in this time.

The text is an official fatwa-like statement by the Malaysian Mufti on the practice of so-called 'tolak beras' (rice exchange) in the payment of fidyah for deceased persons. It first explains what fidyah is and in which three situations it arises in relation to the obligation of fasting as well as in Hajj and Umrah. Fidyah is classified as a debt that is to be settled from the estate before the execution of the will and the division of the inheritance. The practice of dawr (circulation) is described as a method in which heirs give the fidyah value to a needy person and that person returns it until the obligation is fulfilled. This method originates from the Hanafi madhab and is adopted by some Shafi'i scholars. The text states that the method is valid but should only be applied in specific contexts and is very much not recommended in the present time. The response concludes with the finding that the obligation lapses if a person is not in a position to pay at the time the obligation arises.

Worldview

what this means
What, according to this text, is the root of the evil?
Ignorance, illusion, a false view of reality (inferred)
Where does the evil reside?
in the heart, the will, or the soul of the individual (inferred)
What helps against it?
keeping the commandments, maintaining order, fulfiling one's duties; insight, learning, enlightenment, right understanding
What is human being according to this text?
willed by God, with a task and a responsibility
Where is history heading?
the message stands outside of history
What does the text base its claim on?
on the holy scripture of its own tradition; on tradition, the fathers, an established practice
To whom does the text's call for devotion apply?
to one's own fellow believers
Where is the text's criticism directed?
at one's own community and at oneself

Related texts from other traditions

by similarity of the analysis, one text per tradition

What the text calls for

Passages cited

Koran 2:196 · Hadith Ibn 'Abbas (Muttafaq 'Alayh)

Measured

Basic stance
0 from -2 to 2
Insistence
1 of 3
Reach
3 of 5
Concreteness
2 of 3
Boundary
0 of 3
Time
past 2, present 2, future 0

Analysed with qwen3.8-27b, version v3. The same standards apply to every tradition, see Values.

Full text in English
Bayan Linnas BAYAN LINNAS SERIES NO. 360: THE PRACTICE OF "TOLAK BERAS" (DAWR) IN THE PAYMENT OF FIDYAH 10 August 2026 Abdulhakim Fakhruddeen bin Muhamad Ridzuan Number of views: 3215 QUESTION: A video has gone viral on TikTok showing the practice of "tolak menolak beras" (pushing rice back and forth) in the payment of fidyah for deceased persons. In my village, I have also seen some places practicing this. I kindly request the Mufti to provide an explanation regarding this practice. Thank you. SUMMARY OF ANSWER: Fidyah is a payment mandated by Shariah related to the acts of worship of fasting, as well as Hajj and Umrah. Anyone obligated to pay fidyah must strive to fulfill it immediately. If they pass away before paying it, the fidyah is considered a debt that must be settled from the estate first, before the execution of the will and the distribution of inheritance according to Islamic law (faraid). In the case of paying fidyah for a deceased person who did not leave sufficient assets, there is a practice known as "tolak beras" or the method of dawr (rotation), which is discussed in the Hanafi school of thought and also mentioned by some Shafi'i scholars. This method is considered valid and discharges the obligation of fidyah under certain conditions. DETAILED ANSWER: Fidyah is a payment mandated by Shariah as compensation to cover acts of worship or fasting obligations that cannot be performed under certain circumstances. The term "fidyah" is mentioned by Allah SWT in the Quran in His verse: فَمَن كَانَمِنكُم مَّريضا أَوْ بِه أذى مِّن رَّأْسِه ففدِيَة مِّن صِيام أَوْ صَدَقَة أَوْ نُسُك Meaning: "So whoever among you is ill or has a condition affecting his head (and thus shaves his hair), let him pay fidyah. That is, fasting, or giving charity, or sacrificing an animal (dam)." [Surah al-Baqarah, 196] Fundamentally, the obligation of fidyah relates to the acts of worship of fasting, as well as Hajj and Umrah. In the context of fasting, fidyah must be paid in three situations: first, when a person dies while having missed Ramadan fasts that they have not yet made up; second, for those with a permanent excuse, such as elderly individuals who are unable to fast, as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women who break their fast due to concern for their child; and third, for anyone who delays making up their missed fasts until the following Ramadan year without a valid excuse. [1] In the context of Hajj and Umrah, fidyah is obligatory upon pilgrims who commit any of the prohibited acts while in the state of ihram. A person who is obligated to pay fidyah, whether in the context of fasting or Hajj, must strive to fulfill it as soon as possible to meet the Shariah responsibility. If such a person passes away while still having an unfulfilled fidyah obligation, their estate must first be used to settle the fidyah before it is distributed according to Islamic inheritance law (faraid) or divided among the heirs, because fidyah falls under the category of debts that must be paid from the estate according to the priority order established by the jurists (fuqaha). This is explained by Sheikh Ibn Ruslan in his poem, which states that the debts of the deceased must be settled after the costs of funeral arrangements and before the execution of the will and the distribution of the estate to the heirs. This is based on the hadith narrated by Ibn ‘Abbas RA that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: فَدَيْنُ الله أحرَق بالقضاء Meaning: "The debt to Allah has the greatest right to be fulfilled (or settled)." [Agreed upon by al-Bukhari and Muslim] The Practice of "Tolak Beras" in the Payment of Fidyah In the payment of fidyah on behalf of the deceased, there is a practice known as tolak beras or dawr (rotation), which is the process of giving and returning the fidyah property between the heirs and the recipient of the fidyah. This method is discussed particularly when the deceased did not leave behind sufficient assets to settle the entire fidyah liability. Such a payment practice is a method to reduce the fidyah payment while ensuring that the fidyah payment obligation has been fulfilled. This method was initially introduced by some fuqaha of the Hanafi school to resolve the issue of a person bearing an excessive fidyah payment. Imam Ibn ‘Abidin stated that in the case of a deceased who did not leave behind assets, the heirs may implement the rotation method by giving the value of the fidyah to a poor person, who then returns it to the heirs, and this process is repeated until the fidyah liability is completed. [2] The same view is also cited by some fuqaha in the Shafi‘i school who adopted the view from the Hanafi school, including what was mentioned by Sheikh al-Bakri al-Dimyati, that when the deceased did not leave behind assets, the heirs may use that method by borrowing food and handing it over to the poor until the fidyah amount is completed. [3] Thus, it is concluded that such a payment method is considered valid and the obligation to pay fidyah is lifted. However, for an individual who is unable to pay fidyah when the obligation arises, Imam al-Nawawi mentioned that there is a difference of opinion among scholars. Nevertheless, the more correct view on the issue of fidyah is that the obligation is dropped when a person is unable to pay at the time the obligation becomes due. [4] Conclusion Based on the explanations and details provided in this article, the following points can be summarized as conclusions: Fidyah must be fulfilled immediately and takes precedence from the estate. The method of "tolak beras" (dawr) originates from the Hanafi school but is adopted and considered valid by some Shafi‘i fuqaha. The implementation of the "tolak beras" (dawr) method must be understood in a specific context and should not be used as a substitute for regular fidyah payment, especially as it is highly discouraged in this era. WaLlāhu A’lam References: [1] Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Nawawiy (1995), Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn wa ‘Umdah al-Muftīn, Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmiy, 2:381-384. Excerpt from the text of Imam al-Nawawi, summarized: وَتَجِبُ الْفِدْيَةُ بِثَلَاثَةِ طُرُقٍ. الْأَوَّلُ: فَوَاتُ نَفْسِ الصَّوْمِ، فَمَنْ فَاتَهُ صَوْمُ يَوْمٍ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ وَمَاتَ قَبْلَ قَضَائِهِ فَلَهُ حَالَانِ. أَحَدُهُمَا: أَنْ يَمُوتَ بَعْدَ تَمَكُّنِهِ مِنَ الْقَضَاءِ، سَوَاءٌ تَرَكَ الْأَدَاءَ بِعُذْرٍ أَمْ بِغَيْرِهِ، فَلَا بُدَّ مِنَ تَدَارُكِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ... الْحَالُ الثَّانِي: أَنْ يَكُونَ مَوْتُهَ قَبْلَ التَّمَكُّنِ مِنَ الْقَضَاءِ، بِأَنْ لَا يَزَالَ مَرِيضًا، أَو مُسَافِرًا مِنَ أَوَّلِ شَوَّالٍ حَتَّى يَمُوتَ، فَلَا شَيْءَ فِي تَرِكَتِهِ وَلَا عَلَى وَرَثَتِه... «الطَّرِيقُ الثَّانِي: لِوُجُوبِ الْفِدْيَةِ مَا يَجِبُ لِفَضِيلَةِ الْوَقْتِ، وَذَلِكَ فِي صُوَرٍ. فَالْحَامِلُ وَالْمُرْضِعُ، إِنْ خَافَتَا عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمَا، أَفْطَرَتَا وَقَضَتَا، وَلَا فِدْيَةَ كَالْمَرِيضِ. وَإِنْ لَمْ تَخَافَا مِنَ الصَّوْمِ، إِلَّا عَلَى الْوَلَدِ، فَلَهُمَا الْفِطْرُ وَعَلَيْهِمَا الْقَضَاءُ. وَفِي الْفِدْيَةِ أَقْوَالٌ. أَظْهَرُهَا: تَجِبُ... الطَّرِيقُ الثَّالِثُ: مَا يَجِبُ لِتَأْخِيرِ الْقَضَاءِ، فَمَنْ عَلَيْهِ قَضَاءُ رَمَضَانَ، وَأَخَّرَهُ حَتَّى دَخَلَ رَمَضَانُ السَّنَةِ الْقَابِلَةِ Meaning: “Fidyah becomes obligatory through three ways: first, the loss of the fast itself, namely whoever misses a day of fasting from Ramadan and then dies before making up (qada’) it, then he has two states — first, he dies after having been able to make it up, whether he left that fast due to an excuse or without an excuse, then it must be compensated after his death; the second state, he dies before being able to make it up, such as continuously being ill or traveling from the beginning of Shawwal until death, then there is nothing obligatory upon his estate nor upon his heirs. The second way fidyah becomes obligatory is what is obligatory due to the relaxation of time, and this occurs in several states: a pregnant and nursing woman, if they fear for themselves, then they break the fast and are only obligated to make it up without fidyah, like a sick person; but if they do not fear the fast itself but only fear for the child, then they must break the fast and are obligated to make it up, whereas regarding fidyah there are several opinions, the strongest being that it is obligatory. The third way is what is obligatory due to delaying the qada’, namely whoever is in debt of qada’ of Ramadan and then delays it until the next year’s Ramadan.” [2] Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn. (1966). Ḥāshiyat Radd al-Muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa-Awlādih, 2:73. [3] Abū Bakr ‘Uthmān Shaṭā al-Dimyāṭiy al-Shāfiʻiy (1997), Iʻānah al-Ṭālibīn ‘alā Ḥall Alfāẓ Fatḥ al-Muʻīn, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li al-Ṭibāʻah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ, 1: 33. [4] Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Nawawi (1347H), al-Majmū' Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab, Cairo: Idārah al-Tibāʻah al-Munīriyyah, 6: 259.
Full text in the original
Bayan Linnas BAYAN LINNAS SIRI KE-360 : AMALAN TOLAK BERAS (DAWR) DALAM PEMBAYARAN FIDYAH 10 Ogos 2026 Abdulhakim Fakhruddeen bin Muhamad Ridzuan Jumlah paparan: 3215 SOALAN: Viral di TikTok satu video yang menunjukkan amalan tolak menolak beras dalam pembayaran fidyah bagi orang meninggal dunia. Di kampung saya juga saya lihat sebahagian tempat ada yang amalkan juga. Saya mohon jasa baik SS Mufti untuk memberikan penjelasan terhadap amalan ini. Terima kasih. RINGKASAN JAWAPAN: Fidyah merupakan bayaran yang diwajibkan oleh syarak berkaitan ibadah puasa serta haji dan umrah. Sesiapa yang diwajibkan fidyah hendaklah berusaha menunaikannya segera dan jika dia meninggal dunia sebelum sempat membayarnya, fidyah tersebut dikira sebagai hutang yang wajib diselesaikan daripada harta pusaka terlebih dahulu sebelum pelaksanaan wasiat dan pembahagian faraid. Dalam keadaan pembayaran fidyah bagi si mati yang tidak meninggalkan harta mencukupi terdapat amalan " tolak beras " atau kaedah dawr (pusingan) yang dibincangkan dalam mazhab Hanafi dan turut disebut oleh sebahagian ulama Syafi'i. Kaedah ini dianggap sah dan mengangkat kewajipan fidyah dalam keadaan tertentu. HURAIAN JAWAPAN: Fidyah merupakan bayaran yang diwajibkan oleh syarak sebagai gantian bagi menampung ibadah atau kewajipan berpuasa yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan dalam keadaan tertentu. Istilah “ fidyah ” disebut oleh Allah SWT dalam al-Quran melalui firman-Nya: فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ بِهِ أَذًى مِّن رَّأْسِهِ فَفِدْيَةٌ مِّن صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ ۚ Maksudnya: “ Maka sesiapa di antara kamu sakit atau terdapat sesuatu yang menyakiti di kepalanya (lalu ia mencukur rambutnya), hendaklah ia membayar fidyah. Iaitu berpuasa, atau bersedekah, atau menyembelih Dam ” [Surah al-Baqarah, 196] Secara asasnya, kewajipan fidyah berkaitan dengan ibadah puasa serta ibadah haji dan umrah. Dalam ibadah puasa, fidyah wajib dibayar dalam tiga keadaan: pertama , apabila seseorang mati sedangkan dia mempunyai puasa Ramadan yang tertinggal dan belum sempat menggantikannya; kedua , bagi golongan yang uzur berterusan seperti warga emas yang tidak mampu berpuasa, serta wanita hamil atau menyusu yang berbuka kerana bimbangkan anaknya; dan ketiga , bagi sesiapa yang melewat-lewatkan qada puasanya sehingga masuk Ramadan tahun berikutnya tanpa uzur. [1] Manakala dalam ibadah haji dan umrah pula, fidyah diwajibkan ke atas jemaah haji atau umrah yang melakukan salah satu daripada perkara-perkara yang diharamkan ketika dalam keadaan ihram. Seseorang yang telah diwajibkan untuk membayar fidyah, sama ada dalam ibadah puasa atau haji, maka dia wajib berusaha untuk menunaikannya secepat mungkin sebagai memenuhi tanggungjawab syarak. Sekiranya seseorang tersebut meninggal dunia sedangkan dia masih mempunyai kewajipan fidyah yang belum ditunaikan, maka harta peninggalannya wajib diselesaikan terlebih dahulu dengan fidyah tersebut sebelum ia difaraidkan atau dibahagikan kepada waris kerana fidyah tergolong dalam kategori hutang yang wajib ditunaikan daripada harta pusaka mengikut susunan keutamaan yang telah ditetapkan oleh para fuqaha. Perkara ini dijelaskan oleh Syeikh Ibn Ruslan dalam syair beliau yang menerangkan bahawa hutang si mati hendaklah diselesaikan selepas kos pengurusan jenazah dan sebelum pelaksaan wasiat serta pembahagian pusakan kepada waris. Hal ini berdasarkan hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ibn ‘Abbas RA bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: فَدَيْنُ اللهِ أَحَقُّ بالقَضَاءِ Maksudnya: “ Maka hutang kepada Allah lebih berhak untuk ditunaikan (atau diselesaikan) ” [Muttafaq ‘Alayh] Amalan Tolak Beras dalam Pembayaran Fidyah Dalam pembayaran fidyah bagi pihak si mati terdapat amalan yang dikenali sebagai tolak beras atau dawr (pusingan) iaitu proses pemberian dan pengembalian semula harta fidyah antara waris dengan penerima fidyah tersebut. Kaedah ini dibincangkan khususnya apabila si mati tidak meninggalkan harta yang mencukupi untuk melunaskan keseluruhan fidyah yang ditanggung. Amalan pembayaran seperti ini adalah satu kaedah untuk mengurangkan bayaran fidyah tersebut dan dalam masa yang sama bagi memastikan tanggungjawab pembayaran fidyah telah disempurnakan. Kaedah ini mula diperkenalkan oleh sebahagian fuqaha Mazhab Hanafi bagi menyelesaikan permasalahan seseorang yang menanggung terlalu banyak bayaran fidyah. Imam Ibn ‘Abidin menyatakan dalam permasalahan si mati yang tidak meninggalkan harta, waris boleh melaksanakan kaedah pusingan dengan memberikan nilai fidyah kepada fakir, kemudian fakir tersebut menyerahkannya kembali kepada waris dan proses tersebut diulang sehingga selesai kadar fidyah yang ditanggung. [2] Pandangan yang sama juga turut dinukilkan oleh sebahagian fuqaha dalam Mazhab Syafii yang mengambil pandangan dalam Mazhab Hanafi ini, antaranya seperti yang disebutkan oleh Syeikh al-Bakri al-Dimyati bahawa apabila si mati tidak meninggalkan harta, waris boleh menggunakan kaedah tersebut dengan meminjam makanan dan menyerahkannya kepada fakir sehingga sempurna kadar fidyah. [3] Justeru dirumuskan bahawa kaedah pembayaran sebegini adalah dianggap sah dan terangkat kewajipan membayar fidyah. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi individu yang tidak berkemampuan membayar fidyah ketika kewajipan itu berlaku, Imam al-Nawawi menyebut terdapat perbezaan pandangan ulama. Namun, pandangan yang lebih sahih dalam isu fidyah ialah kewajipan tersebut gugur apabila seseorang tidak mampu ketika waktu diwajibkan. [4] Kesimpulan Berdasarkan kepada penjelasan dan perincian yang diberikan di dalam artikel ini, maka perkara-perkara berikut boleh dirumuskan sebagai kesimpulan: Fidyah wajib ditunaikan segera dan diutamakan daripada harta pusaka. Kaedah "tolak beras" ( dawr ) berasal daripada mazhab Hanafi tetapi diterima pakai dan dianggap sah oleh sebahagian fuqaha Syafi'i. Pelaksanaan kaedah “tolak beras” ( dawr ) hendaklah difahami dalam konteks tertentu dan tidak dijadikan pengganti pembayaran fidyah secara biasa, tambahan pula pada zaman ini ia sangat tidak digalakkan. WaLlāhu A’lam Rujukan: [1] Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Nawawiy (1995), Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn wa ‘Umdah al-Muftīn , Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmiy, 2:381-384. Petikan daripada teks Imam al-Nawawi yang diringkaskan: وَتَجِبُ الْفِدْيَةُ بِثَلَاثَةِ طُرُقٍ. الْأَوَّلُ: فَوَاتُ نَفْسِ الصَّوْمِ، فَمَنْ فَاتَهُ صَوْمُ يَوْمٍ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ وَمَاتَ قَبْلَ قَضَائِهِ فَلَهُ حَالَانِ. أَحَدُهُمَا: أَنْ يَمُوتَ بَعْدَ تَمَكُّنِهِ مِنَ الْقَضَاءِ، سَوَاءٌ تَرَكَ الْأَدَاءَ بِعُذْرٍ أَمْ بِغَيْرِهِ، فَلَا بُدَّ مِنْ تَدَارُكِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ... الْحَالُ الثَّانِي: أَنْ يَكُونَ مَوْتُهُ قَبْلَ التَّمَكُّنِ مِنَ الْقَضَاءِ، بِأَنْ لَا يَزَالَ مَرِيضًا، أَوْ مُسَافِرًا مِنْ أَوَّلِ شَوَّالٍ حَتَّى يَمُوتَ، فَلَا شَيْءَ فِي تَرِكَتِهِ وَلَا عَلَى وَرَثَتِهِ... «الطَّرِيقُ الثَّانِي: لِوُجُوبِ الْفِدْيَةِ مَا يَجِبُ لِفَضِيلَةِ الْوَقْتِ، وَذَلِكَ فِي صُوَرٍ. فَالْحَامِلُ وَالْمُرْضِعُ، إِنْ خَافَتَا عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمَا، أَفْطَرَتَا وَقَضَتَا، وَلَا فِدْيَةَ كَالْمَرِيضِ. وَإِنْ لَمْ تَخَافَا مِنَ الصَّوْمِ، إِلَّا عَلَى الْوَلَدِ، فَلَهُمَا الْفِطْرُ وَعَلَيْهِمَا الْقَضَاءُ. وَفِي الْفِدْيَةِ أَقْوَالٌ. أَظْهَرُهَا: تَجِبُ... الطَّرِيقُ الثَّالِثُ: مَا يَجِبُ لِتَأْخِيرِ الْقَضَاءِ، فَمَنْ عَلَيْهِ قَضَاءُ رَمَضَانَ، وَأَخَّرَهُ حَتَّى دَخَلَ رَمَضَانُ السَّنَةِ الْقَابِلَةِ Maksudnya: “ Fidyah menjadi wajib melalui tiga cara: pertama, kehilangan puasa itu sendiri, iaitu sesiapa yang tertinggal puasa sehari daripada Ramadhan lalu mati sebelum mengqadha'nya, maka baginya dua keadaan — pertama, dia mati selepas sempat mengqadha', sama ada dia meninggalkan puasa itu dengan uzur atau tanpa uzur, maka wajib ditebus selepas kematiannya; keadaan kedua, dia mati sebelum sempat mengqadha', seperti terus sakit atau bermusafir sejak awal Syawal sehingga mati, maka tiada apa-apa yang wajib ke atas harta pusakanya mahupun ke atas warisnya. Cara kedua wajibnya fidyah ialah apa yang wajib kerana kelonggaran waktu, dan ini berlaku dalam beberapa keadaan: wanita hamil dan menyusu, jika mereka bimbang terhadap diri mereka sendiri, maka mereka berbuka dan wajib mengqadha' sahaja tanpa fidyah seperti orang sakit; tetapi jika mereka tidak bimbang terhadap puasa itu melainkan bimbangkan anak, maka mereka harus berbuka dan wajib mengqadha', manakala mengenai fidyah pula terdapat beberapa pendapat, yang paling kuat ialah ia wajib. Cara ketiga ialah apa yang wajib kerana melewatkan qadha', iaitu sesiapa yang terhutang qadha' Ramadhan lalu melewatkannya sehingga masuk Ramadhan tahun berikutnya ”. [2] Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn. (1966). Ḥāshiyat Radd al-Muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-Mukhtār . Kaherah: Sharikat Maktabat wa Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa-Awlādih, 2:73. [3] Abū Bakr ‘Uthmān Shaṭā al-Dimyāṭiy al-Shāfiʻiy (1997), Iʻānah al-Ṭālibīn ‘alā Ḥall Alfāẓ Fatḥ al-Muʻīn , Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li al-Ṭibāʻah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ, 1: 33. [4] Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Nawawi (1347H), al-Majmū' Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab , Kaherah: Idārah al-Tibāʻah al-Munīriyyah, 6: 259.