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Nurse and Fighter for Women's Self-Determination

no name given · diesseits – Das humanistische Magazin · 2026-09-06 · Berlin · Source

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Margaret Sanger's advocacy for legal contraception and family planning was a decisive step toward achieving equality and self-determination for women, which, despite later controversies surrounding eugenics, is to be recognized as historical progress.

The text outlines the life of Margaret Sanger, who came from a large working-class family and, as a nurse, recognized the dire situation of women without access to contraceptives. She founded magazines and clinics to promote family planning and was arrested multiple times for this, as the distribution of contraceptives was prohibited in New York. Sanger argued that only self-determination over one's own body enables equality in society. The text mentions her later proximity to eugenics but points out that she clearly condemned National Socialist euthanasia and antisemitism. It is emphasized that Sanger was instrumental in advancing the legalization of contraception and later of abortion in the United States. The author positions herself against the criticism of 'life defenders' who describe Sanger's work as psychoterroristic. The text concludes with the note that Sanger's turbulent life is still debated, and honors her contribution to the women's rights movement.

Worldview

what this means
What, according to this text, is the root of the evil?
Exploitation, oppression, unequal conditions; Ignorance, illusion, a false view of reality
Where does the evil reside?
in the economy, politics, or social structures
What helps against it?
insight, learning, enlightenment, right understanding; practical action towards the neighbour, good works
What is human being according to this text?
self-determined, the author of one's own actions
Where is history heading?
it is getting better, development towards the good
What does the text base its claim on?
on personal experience, testimony, encounter; on argument, logic, science
To whom does the text's call for devotion apply?
to every human being, regardless of faith
Where is the text's criticism directed?
at others, at society, at other groups

Related texts from other traditions

by similarity of the analysis, one text per tradition

What the text calls for

Measured

Basic stance
1 from -2 to 2
Insistence
2 of 3
Reach
4 of 5
Concreteness
3 of 3
Boundary
2 of 3, named: Selbsternannte Lebensschützer und religiöse Fundamentalisten
Time
past 3, present 1, future 1

Analysed with qwen/qwen3.8-27b, version v3. The same standards apply to every tradition, see Values.

Full text in English
Childhood and Early Professional Experiences She was born as Margaret Higgins in Corning, in the northern part of the state of New York. Her mother became pregnant 18 times in 22 years. She gave birth to eleven living children and died at the age of 50, weakened and ill. Margaret had to care for her and the younger siblings and postpone her education. After her mother’s death, she became a nurse, married, had three children, and moved to the Bohemian Quarter of New York. There she met anarchists such as Emma Goldman and socialists such as Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and joined the Socialist Party. During her work, she had to experience again how working-class women suffered because they lacked the knowledge to prevent pregnancies. An estimated 100,000 illegal abortions per year occurred in New York alone: “I see them, these poor, weak, fragile, and devastated women, pregnant again every year, like automatic breeding machines,” she wrote. The fate of these women influenced Sanger. She founded her own monthly magazine titled The Woman Rebel, which, under the slogan No Gods and No Masters, advocated for the prevention of pregnancies and argued that every woman should be “the absolute mistress of her own body.” This was subversive in 1914 (not only) in the USA. For many people, it still is today! Margaret Sanger was arrested multiple times for this. Margaret Continued Her Struggle She maintained her opinion that only women who can determine for themselves over their own bodies can achieve equality in terms of sexual relationships and positions in society. For this, she received much approval, but also malicious accusations. Together with her sister, she opened a clinic for family planning and birth control in Brooklyn in 1916, in which they also distributed pessaries (diaphragms) developed in the Netherlands. Since a law in New York prohibited the distribution of contraceptives, the sisters were put in prison. In 1917, Margaret founded the magazine Birth Control Review. After the First World War, she opened a hospital in Harlem with exclusively African American staff and, in 1921, together with other women, founded the American League for Birth Control, of which she became president. She was arrested at least eight times during this period. Only through the support and protests of prominent intellectuals, large women’s clubs, and some (non-Catholic) churches could she continue her work. In 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau; it was the first legal clinic for birth control in the USA. In the same year, she initiated the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which campaigned for the legalization of birth control at the federal level. She served as its president until 1937. In 1927, Sanger helped organize the first World Population Conference in Geneva. In 1937, Sanger became the chair of the Birth Control Council of America and began publishing The Birth Control Review and The Birth Control News. In 1952, she supported the founding of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), which still exists today and whose members include the German organization pro familia, founded in the same year. Until 1959, she was president of this largest private organization for family planning. In 1960, she witnessed the spread of the “anti-baby pill,” for whose development and financial support she had campaigned vehemently, and which simplified the question of contraception for women. Ultimately, the pill was a means that gave them alone the power to decide whether they wanted to become pregnant or not. Margaret Sanger died in 1966 at the age of 86 in a nursing home in Arizona from heart failure. She could no longer experience the fact that the Supreme Court in 1973 declared the right to abortion generally constitutional. For married couples, it had already been legalized in 1965. She also did not have to experience that religious fundamentalists wanted to reverse this decision. Margaret Sanger – a controversial person? The self-proclaimed “life defenders,” who do not want to protect the lives of the unintentionally pregnant but instead exercise psychological terror against them, discovered controversial aspects in Margaret Sanger. They pointed out that she would argue against abortion when she stated that abortion would be unnecessary with effective legal contraception. They also referred to the fact that Margaret, in advanced age, had been influenced by eugenicists who wanted to use birth control for the exclusion of “undesirable life.” However, Sanger had unequivocally attacked the euthanasia of the Hitler fascists. Her letters reveal that euthanasia was not a way for her to achieve her goals. In a letter to the British feminist Edith How-Martyn dated May 21, 1933, she wrote: “All these news reports from Germany are sad and terrible, and for me much more dangerous than all other wars taking place anywhere, because there are so many good people there who applaud the atrocities and consider them right. The sudden antagonism against the Jews in Germany and the biting hatred towards them, which spreads here underground, is much more dangerous than the aggressive policy of the Japanese in Manchuria.” I join the view of the publicist Victor Grossman (1928–2025), whom I have not forgotten, who wrote as the last sentence in his short biography of Margaret Sanger: “Her stormy life can still be debated.” Literature: Victor Grossman: Darf man darüber reden? Margaret Sanger, in: ders.: Rebel Girls. 34 amerikanische Frauen im Porträt, Cologne 2013, pp. 137–143. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography, New York/Dover 1971.
Full text in the original
Kindheit und erste berufliche Erfahrungen Gebo­ren wur­de sie als Mar­ga­ret Hig­gins in Cor­ning, im Nor­den des Staa­tes New York. Ihre Mut­ter wur­de in 22 Jah­ren 18-mal schwan­ger. Sie brach­te elf Kin­der lebend zur Welt und starb bereits im Alter von 50 Jah­ren, geschwächt und krank. Mar­ga­ret muss­te sie und die jün­ge­ren Geschwis­ter pfle­gen und ihre Aus­bil­dung zurück­stel­len. Nach dem Tod der Mut­ter wur­de sie Kran­ken­schwes­ter, hei­ra­te­te, bekam drei Kin­der und zog in das Bohè­me-Vier­tel von New York. Dort lern­te sie Anar­chis­tin­nen wie Emma Gold­man und Sozia­lis­tin­nen wie Eliza­beth Gur­ley Flynn ken­nen und trat der Sozia­lis­ti­schen Par­tei bei. Wäh­rend ihrer Arbeit muss­te sie erneut erfah­ren, wie Arbei­ter­frau­en lei­den muss­ten, weil ihnen das Wis­sen fehl­te, Schwan­ger­schaf­ten zu ver­hü­ten. Schät­zungs­wei­se 100.000 ille­ga­le Abtrei­bun­gen pro Jahr gab es allein in New York: „Ich sehe sie vor mir, die­se armen schwa­chen, zer­brech­li­chen und ver­wüs­te­ten Frau­en, alle Jah­re wie­der schwan­ger, wie auto­ma­ti­sche Brut­ma­schi­nen“, schrieb sie. Das Schick­sal die­ser Frau­en beein­fluss­te San­ger. Sie grün­de­te eine eige­ne Monats­zeit­schrift mit dem Titel The Woman Rebel, die sich unter dem Slo­gan No Gods and No Mas­ters (Kei­ne Göt­ter und kei­ne Her­ren) für die Ver­hü­tung von Schwan­ger­schaf­ten ein­setz­te und dafür ein­trat, dass jede Frau „die abso­lu­te Her­rin über ihren eige­nen Kör­per“ sein soll­te. Das war 1914 (nicht nur) in den USA umstürz­le­risch. Für vie­le Men­schen ist es das heu­te noch! Mar­ga­ret San­ger wur­de dafür mehr­fach ver­haf­tet. Margaret setzte ihren Kampf fort Sie blieb bei ihrer Mei­nung, dass nur Frau­en, die über ihren Kör­per selbst bestim­men kön­nen, Gleich­be­rech­ti­gung in Bezug auf sexu­el­le Bezie­hun­gen und auf Posi­tio­nen in der Gesell­schaft errei­chen kön­nen. Dafür erhielt sie viel Zustim­mung, aber auch böse Anschul­di­gun­gen. Mit ihrer Schwes­ter eröff­ne­te sie 1916 in Brook­lyn eine Kli­nik für Fami­li­en­pla­nung und Gebur­ten­kon­trol­le, in der sie auch die in den Nie­der­lan­den ent­wi­ckel­ten Pes­sa­re (Dia­phrag­men) ver­ab­reich­ten. Da ein Gesetz in New York die Ver­tei­lung von Ver­hü­tungs­mit­teln ver­bot, wur­den die Schwes­tern ins Gefäng­nis gesteckt. 1917 grün­de­te Mar­ga­ret die Zeit­schrift Birth Con­trol Review . Nach dem Ers­ten Welt­krieg eröff­ne­te sie in Har­lem ein Hos­pi­tal mit aus­schließ­lich afro-ame­ri­ka­ni­schem Per­so­nal und grün­de­te 1921, gemein­sam mit ande­ren Frau­en, die Ame­ri­ka­ni­sche Liga für Gebur­ten­kon­trol­le, deren Prä­si­den­tin sie wur­de. Min­des­tens acht­mal wur­de sie wäh­rend die­ser Zeit ver­haf­tet. Nur durch die Unter­stüt­zung und die Pro­tes­te von pro­mi­nen­ten Intel­lek­tu­el­len, gro­ßen Frau­en­klubs und eini­gen (nicht der katho­li­schen) Kir­chen konn­te sie wei­ter­ar­bei­ten. 1923 rich­te­te sie das Cli­ni­cal Rese­arch Bureau ein, es war die ers­te lega­le Kli­nik für Gebur­ten­kon­trol­le in den USA. Im sel­ben Jahr rief sie das Natio­nal Com­mit­tee on Fede­ral Legis­la­ti­on for Birth Con­trol ins Leben, das sich für die Lega­li­sie­rung der Gebur­ten­kon­trol­le auf Bun­des­ebe­ne ein­setz­te. Sie stand ihm bis 1937 als Prä­si­den­tin vor. 1927 half San­ger bei der Orga­ni­sa­ti­on der ers­ten Welt­be­völ­ke­rungs­kon­fe­renz in Genf. 1937 wur­de San­ger Vor­sit­zen­de des Birth Con­trol Coun­cil of Ame­ri­ca und begann mit der Ver­öf­fent­li­chung von The Birth Con­trol Review und The Birth Con­trol News . 1952 unter­stütz­te sie die Grün­dung der Inter­na­tio­nal Plan­ned Paren­thood Fede­ra­ti­on (IPPF), die heu­te noch besteht und zu deren Mit­glie­dern auch die im sel­ben Jahr gegrün­de­te deut­sche Orga­ni­sa­ti­on pro fami­lia gehört. Bis 1959 war sie Prä­si­den­tin die­ser größ­ten pri­va­ten Orga­ni­sa­ti­on zur Fami­li­en­pla­nung. 1960 erleb­te sie die Aus­brei­tung der „Anti­ba­by­pil­le“, für deren Ent­wick­lung und finan­zi­el­le För­de­rung sie sich vehe­ment ein­ge­setzt hat­te und durch die die Ver­hü­tungs­fra­ge für Frau­en ver­ein­facht wur­de. Schließ­lich war die Pil­le ein Mit­tel, das ihnen allein die Macht gab, zu ent­schei­den, ob sie schwan­ger wer­den woll­ten oder nicht. Mar­ga­ret San­ger starb 1966 im Alter von 86 Jah­ren in einem Pfle­ge­heim in Ari­zo­na an Herz­ver­sa­gen. Sie konn­te nicht mehr erle­ben, dass der Obers­te Gerichts­hof 1973 das Recht auf Abtrei­bung gene­rell für ver­fas­sungs­kon­form erklär­te. Für ver­hei­ra­te­te Paa­re war es bereits 1965 lega­li­siert wor­den. Auch muss­te sie nicht erle­ben, dass reli­giö­se Fun­da­men­ta­lis­ten die­sen Beschluss rück­gän­gig machen woll­ten. Margaret Sanger – eine umstrittene Person? Die selbst­er­nann­ten „Lebens­schüt­zer“, die nicht das Leben der unge­wollt Schwan­ge­ren schüt­zen wol­len, son­dern Psy­cho­ter­ror auf die­se aus­üben, ent­deck­ten kon­tro­ver­se Sei­ten bei Mar­ga­ret San­ger. Sie mach­ten dar­auf auf­merk­sam, dass die­se gegen Abtrei­bung argu­men­tie­ren wür­de, wenn sie davon sprach, dass Abtrei­bung mit wirk­sa­mer lega­ler Ver­hü­tung unnö­tig wäre. Auch ver­wie­sen sie dar­auf, dass Mar­ga­ret im fort­ge­schrit­te­nen Alter von Euge­ni­kern beein­flusst wor­den sei, die die Gebur­ten­kon­trol­le zur Aus­son­de­rung nicht „wün­schens­wer­ten Lebens“ benut­zen woll­ten. San­ger hat­te jedoch die Eutha­na­sie der Hit­ler-Faschis­ten unein­ge­schränkt atta­ckiert. Aus ihren Brie­fen geht her­vor, dass Eutha­na­sie kein Weg war, um ihre Zie­le zu errei­chen. In einem Brief an die bri­ti­sche Frau­en­recht­le­rin Edith How-Mar­tyn vom 21. Mai 1933 schrieb sie: „All die­se Nach­rich­ten aus Deutsch­land sind trau­rig und fürch­ter­lich, und für mich viel gefähr­li­cher als alle ande­ren Krie­ge, die irgend­wo statt­fin­den, da es dort so vie­le gute Men­schen gibt, die den Gräu­el­ta­ten applau­die­ren und sie als rech­tens sehen. Der plötz­li­che Ant­ago­nis­mus gegen die Juden in Deutsch­land und der bei­ßen­de Hass ihnen gegen­über, der sich hier im Unter­grund ver­brei­tet, ist viel gefähr­li­cher als die aggres­si­ve Poli­tik der Japa­ner in der Man­dschu­rei.“ Ich schlie­ße mich dem von mir unver­ges­se­nen Publi­zis­ten Vic­tor Gross­man (1928–2025) an, der als letz­ten Satz in sei­ner Kurz­bio­gra­fie über Mar­ga­ret San­ger schrieb: „Über ihr stür­mi­sches Leben darf noch immer gestrit­ten wer­den.“ Lite­ra­tur: Vic­tor Gross­man: Darf man dar­über reden? Mar­ga­ret San­ger, in: ders.: Rebel Girls. 34 ame­ri­ka­ni­sche Frau­en im Por­trät, Köln 2013, S. 137–143. Mar­ga­ret San­ger: An Auto­bio­gra­phy, New York/Dover 1971.